C. Tributyltin and Triphenyltin Compounds

Tributyltin and triphenyltin (TBT and TPT) are biocides that have been used to prevent fouling of boats, to preserve wood, kill molluscs, and for other purposes. Due to observed effects on oysters and snails, their use in boat paints has been banned in many nations. However, use on ships and some uses other than as antifouling paints continue. These uses, the relative persistence of these compounds, their tendency to bioaccumulate, and their toxicity cause lingering concerns about risks to humans and nonhuman organisms. This paper outlines an integrated assessment of TBT and TPT. Based on prior human health and ecological assessments, it suggests that an integrated assessment that recognized common pathways of transport, fate and exposure, and on common modes of action would be more efficient and complete than additional independent assessments. In addition, the presentation of risks in an integrated manner could lead to better decisions by defining the various benefits of any management action.